- attacked the US Constitution because it condoned slavery.
- was a minister who came to his antislavery convictions through the evangelical crusades of the 1820s.
- demanded the immediate abolition of slavery, with federally funded compensation for former slaveholders.
- criticized the colonizationists for moving too slowly in their efforts to emancipate slaves.
ANSWER: The abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison attacked the US Constitution because it condoned slavery.
- insisting that high protective tariffs were in the national interest.
- attempting unsuccessfully to have Congress repeal the Tariff of 1832.
- persuading Congress to pass new legislation enacting a compromise tariff to gradually reduce duties.
- ignoring the issue.
ANSWER: In the aftermath of the nullification crisis, President Jackson responded to southern concerns about the tariff by persuading Congress to pass new legislation enacting a compromise tariff to gradually reduce duties.
- came to hold the same cultural and religious values as wage earners in contrast to the elitism that in the eighteenth century had kept the gentry and the "common people" apart.
- openly distanced themselves by values and lifestyle from wage earners in contrast to the shared cultural and religious values that had united the gentry and ordinary folk in the eighteenth century.
- became more hypocritical, pretending to share cultural and religious values with wage earners, but actually behaving very differently.
- tended to claim that they had risen "from rags to riches" and to flaunt their crude taste and rough manners in contrast to "gentlemanly" values of the eighteenth-century elites.
ANSWER: One social change resulting from the Industrial Revolution in early nineteenth century America was that members of the upper class openly distanced themselves by values and lifestyle from wage earners in contrast to the shared cultural and religious values that had united the gentry and ordinary folk in the eighteenth century.
- As the 1840 election demonstrated, the Whigs held the edge in party discipline and mass loyalty.
- The two parties offered virtually the same social and economic platform but employed differing campaign styles to attract voters.
- The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.
- The Democrats had a major advantage in their wealth and the cohesiveness of their leadership and support.
ANSWER: The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.
- tried to impose cultural assimilation and forced labor along with religious conversion of indigenous peoples.
- became large landowners who collected tribute from the Indians.
- outlawed slavery in the Spanish colonies.
- adapted to native culture almost completely.
ANSWER: The Spanish Franciscan missionaries tried to impose cultural assimilation and forced labor along with religious conversion of indigenous peoples.
- doubled the size of their population.
- produced an agricultural surplus--enough to trade with the Native Americans.
- lived remarkably disease-free.
- suffered from famine and diseases that killed more than half the population.
ANSWER: During their first couple of years in the Jamestown colony, the English migrants suffered from famine and diseases that killed more than half the population.
- prohibited state governments from using property requirements to disqualify blacks from voting.
- gave the full vote to all adult African Americans.
- prohibited state governments from using literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent blacks from voting.
- forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.
ANSWER: The Fifteenth Amendment forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.
- roughly three thousand families comprised of the plantation elite category.
- plantation elites owned more than 1,000 slaves.
- plantation elites owned huge tracts of fertile land.
- plantation elites were both traditional aristocrats from the Old South and market entrepreneurs of the New South.
ANSWER: The plantation elite were characterized by all of the following criteria except plantation elites owned more than 1,000 slaves.
- always lived in the Western Hemisphere.
- migrated by sea from Polynesia.
- migrated by sea from China.
- migrated by land from northeastern Asia.
ANSWER: The ancestors of the Native American peoples migrated by land from northeastern Asia.
- resulted from the conciliatory efforts of Congressman James Tallmadge of New York.
- provided for Maine to enter the Union as a free state in 1820, and Missouri to enter as a slave state the following year.
- prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory south of latitude 36°30´.
- convinced the aged and retired Thomas Jefferson that the peaceful extinction of slavery by mutual agreement was now in sight.
ANSWER: The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provided for Maine to enter the Union as a free state in 1820, and Missouri to enter as a slave state the following year.
- appropriating funds to compensate slave owners for emancipating their slaves.
- abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia.
- ending the Atlantic slave trade.
- impeaching any president who condoned slavery and barring slave owners from serving in Congress.
ANSWER: In their petitions to Congress in the 1830s, abolitionists frequently called for abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia.
- it produced and exported 1.5 million bales of raw cotton, over two-thirds of the world supply.
- planters were using European immigrants as industrial workers.
- planters were building factories to process cotton.
- southern society was dominated by free labor.
ANSWER: By 1840 the South was on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution because it produced and exported 1.5 million bales of raw cotton, over two-thirds of the world supply.
- was a failure because the nine colonies represented could not agree on a unified policy.
- protested loss of American rights and liberties and declared that only elected representatives could impose taxes on colonists.
- formulated a set of resolves that threatened rebellion against Britain.
- accepted the constitutionality of the Sugar Act but not the Stamp Act.
ANSWER: The Stamp Act Congress held in New York in 1765 protested loss of American rights and liberties and declared that only elected representatives could impose taxes on colonists.
- American thinkers agreed with John Locke's idea that political authority was divinely ordained.
- Cotton Mather and the Boston physician Nicholas Boyleston fought against smallpox inoculation.
- Some ministers combined Lockean political principles with Calvinist theology in order to attack the role of bishops and vest power in the laity.
- European Enlightenment ideas had little impact on Americans until 1750.
ANSWER: Some ministers combined Lockean political principles with Calvinist theology in order to attack the role of bishops and vest power in the laity.
- denied the concept that everyone had a calling” from God.
- incorporated into their religion many of the traditional Roman Catholic practices, such as burning incense and praying to dead saints.
- championed literacy so that everyone could read and interpret the Bible.
- gave final authority over religious doctrine to bishops and synods.
ANSWER: The Puritans in late sixteenth-century England championed literacy so that everyone could read and interpret the Bible.
- apprehension because he believed the country was growing too large to be governed as a single republic.
- disapproval because he sympathized with the plight of the Indians who would be displaced by white settlement of the West.
- disdain because, as a cultured aristocrat, he considered the settlers to be uncouth rabble who would only cause trouble with the Indians and destroy the West's natural environment.
- unqualified approval because he celebrated the pioneer farmer and hoped to see the West developed by independent yeomen.
ANSWER: Before becoming president, Thomas Jefferson viewed the westward migration of Americans with unqualified approval because he celebrated the pioneer farmer and hoped to see the West developed by independent yeomen.
- Abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia.
- Adoption of a strong fugitive slave law.
- The organization of the New Mexico and Utah territories on the basis of popular sovereignty.
- Abolition of slavery in the Oregon Territory.
ANSWER: The Compromise of 1850 did not include the abolition of slavery in the Oregon Territory.
- comply with its laws out of fear of reprisals.
- welcome these measures as a way of strengthening the bonds of empire, which would protect them from the French and Spanish.
- bribe customs officials to ignore the regulations.
- resent and resist the trade restrictions.
ANSWER: Most colonists' reaction to the Navigation Acts was to resent and resist the trade restrictions.
- the right to a jury trial.
- the right to vote.
- the right to bear arms.
- freedom of speech.
ANSWER: All of the following are rights guaranteed by the first ten amendments to the Constitution except the right to vote.
- the Upper South.
- South Carolina.
- Virginia.
- Georgia.
ANSWER: The movement toward secession in the winter of 1860-1861 was most rapid in South Carolina.
- He planned to encourage missionaries to convert the tribes east of the Mississippi River to Christianity and white culture.
- He intended to force Native Americans to comply with federal treaties.
- He sought better relations with the “civilized” Indians of the Old Southwest, encouraging them to continue their adaptation to white ways.
- He meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.
ANSWER: He meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.
- reduced the rates levied on imported raw materials such as flax, hemp, iron, lead, molasses, and wool.
- was a significant legislative victory for Adams's administration.
- primarily harmed New England cloth manufacturers and benefited southern agricultural producers.
- cost southern plantation owners about $100 million a year because it raised the price of British-manufactured goods.
ANSWER: The Tariff of 1828 cost southern plantation owners about $100 million a year because it raised the price of British-manufactured goods.
- resulted from the conciliatory efforts of Congressman James Tallmadge of New York.
- provided for Maine to enter the Union as a free state in 1820, and Missouri to enter as a slave state the following year.
- prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory south of latitude 36°30´.
- convinced the aged and retired Thomas Jefferson that the peaceful extinction of slavery by mutual agreement was now in sight.
ANSWER: The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provided for Maine to enter the Union as a free state in 1820, and Missouri to enter as a slave state the following year.
- It was democratic.
- Local notables dominated it by managing local elections through devices such as loaning money and treating workers or tenants to drinks.
- Political parties, although not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, were legalized and regulated by the provisions of most state constitutions.
- Pressure to make politics more responsive to popular interests arose first in New England and New York State.
ANSWER: Local notables dominated it by managing local elections through devices such as loaning money and treating workers or tenants to drinks.
- Because they believed men were spiritually weaker than women, the Shakers segregated the sexes to protect men from temptation.
- Shaker communities excluded African Americans in order to maintain racial purity.
- Shaker men seeking refuge from the world of capitalism outnumbered Shaker women two to one.
- Both men and women shared governance of the community.
ANSWER: Both men and women shared governance of the community.
- the Gullah dialect spread to the new slave territories in the Old Southwest.
- the rapid transfer of slaves from other regions into the Lower Mississippi Valley significantly minimized cultural differences.
- blacks rejuvenated African customs as the transatlantic slave trade ceased.
- most slaves were united by their traditional religion, which persisted despite the efforts of white Christians to convert them.
ANSWER: A more unified African American culture began to emerge in the early decades of the nineteenth century because the rapid transfer of slaves from other regions into the Lower Mississippi Valley significantly minimized cultural differences.
- destroying the sense of family.
- separating adults but not children from their families.
- destroying seventy-five percent of black marriages.
- separating family members through sale and trade.
ANSWER: The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by separating family members through sale and trade.
- barracks provided by factory owners.
- rural areas and rode trains to their jobs in the cities.
- church-sponsored charity houses.
- crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments.
ANSWER: By the 1830s, most laborers in the urban northeast lived in crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments.
- promoted African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery.
- urged women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery.
- urged women to join abolitionist societies.
- depicted slavery as a destroyer of slave families and a degrader of slave women.
ANSWER: In her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe depicted slavery as a destroyer of slave families and a degrader of slave women.
- they were demonstrably more intelligent than male candidates.
- men scorned teaching as “women's work.”
- state legislatures were pressured by women's rights advocates into broadening women's employment opportunities.
- school authorities could pay women less than they paid men.
ANSWER: By the 1820s, more women were becoming teachers because school authorities could pay women less than they paid men.
- Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States later that same year.
- Federalists urged that the bank be dissolved on the grounds that it was unconstitutional.
- President James Madison began to invest his own funds in the Bank of the United States.
- it was not renewed.
ANSWER: When the Bank of the United States' charter expired in 1811 it was not renewed.
- created a spelling book purposefully for African Americans.
- published dictionaries and spelling books to conform American spelling and grammar.
- fought a losing battle to keep Americans spelling words in the same manner as the English.
- was the author of Diedrich Knickerbocker's History of New York.
ANSWER: Noah Webster published dictionaries and spelling books to conform American spelling and grammar.
- England invaded Ireland during the mid-1840s, displacing the Irish population.
- They fled a famine caused by severe overpopulation and a devastating blight on the potato crop.
- The expansion of the industrial revolution displaced Irish workers.
- Anti-Catholic violence forced the Irish to flee their homeland.
ANSWER: They fled a famine caused by severe overpopulation and a devastating blight on the potato crop.
- Thousands of young men and women who migrated from urban areas created the new urban culture.
- Sex and dress were marginal to the new urban culture.
- Young men and women easily found high-paying jobs in cities.
- Popular entertainment, in particularly minstrelsy, was an important aspect of new urban culture.
ANSWER: Popular entertainment, in particularly minstrelsy, was an important aspect of new urban culture.
- came to hold the same cultural and religious values as wage earners in contrast to the elitism that in the eighteenth century had kept the gentry and the “common people” apart.
- openly distanced themselves by values and lifestyle from wage earners in contrast to the shared cultural and religious values that had united the gentry and ordinary folk in the eighteenth century.
- became more hypocritical, pretending to share cultural and religious values with wage earners, but actually behaving very differently.
- tended to claim that they had risen “from rags to riches” and to flaunt their crude tastes and rough manners in contrast to the “gentlemanly” values of the eighteenth-century elites.
ANSWER: One social change resulting from the Industrial Revolution in early nineteenth-century America was that members of the upper class openly distanced themselves by values and lifestyle from wage earners in contrast to the shared cultural and religious values that had united the gentry and ordinary folk in the eighteenth century.
- lived mostly in the Lower South.
- generally acknowledged unity with the enslaved population.
- won the right to trial by jury in criminal cases.
- were able to travel fairly widely without identification papers.
ANSWER: Free blacks in the South generally acknowledged unity with the enslaved population.
- they lived in a republican society with democratic institutions such as the secret ballot.
- they did not enfranchise the entire white population of voters.
- they did not foster party competition.
- they did not create apportionment based on population.
ANSWER: Planters failed to politically dominate the South because they lived in a republican society with democratic institutions such as the secret ballot.
- The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations.
- Very few northerners saw any contradiction between freedom for themselves and slavery for African Americans.
- Slaves were threatening violence in the northern states, causing many whites to retreat from their earlier willingness to support rapid emancipation.
- Economically, slavery was becoming more viable and profitable in the North in the 1770s and early 1780s.
ANSWER: During and after the Revolution, The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations.
- sole guardianship of their children if they became widowed.
- the right to collect their own wages.
- the right to vote in local and state elections.
- the right to own property acquired by trade, business, labors, or services.
ANSWER: In New York in 1860, the efforts of feminists such as Susan B. Anthony resulted in a law that gave women all of the following rights except the right to vote in local and state elections.
- Workday limitation agreements.
- Closed-shop agreements.
- Sabotage and slowdown.
- Price-fixing agreements.
ANSWER: Employers sued many unions in the 1830s, charging the illegality of closed-shop agreements.
- make a profit for the federal government through judicious loans to entrepreneurs.
- keep the economy in equilibrium by raising or lowering interest rates in response to changes in the capitalist business cycle.
- stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to periodically convert their paper money into gold and silver coin.
- serve as a clearinghouse for foreign investments and currency.
ANSWER: The most important function of the Second Bank of the United States was to stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to periodically convert their paper money into gold and silver coin.
- a national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.
- a strict limit on the powers of the federal government.
- halting further “internal improvements” by the federal government.
- lower tariffs.
ANSWER: As president, John Quincy Adams supported a national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.
- their husbands ordered them to do so.
- they were excluded from other public roles.
- they had more talent for church administration than men.
- they were naturally more pious and spiritual than men.
ANSWER: One reason women took charge of religious and charitable enterprises during and after the Second Great Awakening was because they were excluded from other public roles.
- machines capable of making parts for other machines.
- the steam engine.
- cotton-spinning machines.
- the flying shuttle loom.
ANSWER: The most outstanding contribution of American mechanics to the Industrial Revolution was the development of machines capable of making parts for other machines.
- exact revenge on Britain for defeat in the French and Indian War and the loss of Canada.
- defend Catholics in Maryland and Quebec against the potentially hostile Protestant Patriots.
- annex Maine and regain Quebec.
- persuade the Americans to accept King Louis XVIs younger brother as their new constitutional monarch.
ANSWER: France gave a serious consideration to an alliance with the rebel colonies primarily because it saw an opportunity to exact revenge on Britain for defeat in the French and Indian War and the loss of Canada.
- leading colonial lawyers and merchants, disguising themselves in order to lead public protests without being identifiable to the authorities.
- unemployed workers with little to lose from rioting.
- artisans, shopkeepers, poor laborers, and seamen.
- members of an underground organization dedicated to winning American independence, who came into the open to direct a revolutionary movement.
ANSWER: Members of activist groups, such as the Sons of Liberty, were typically artisans, shopkeepers, poor laborers, and seamen.
- American colonial troops strove to emulate the professionalism of the British regulars.
- British officers praised American colonial troops for their courage under fire.
- American colonial troops adapted well to the British system of military discipline.
- deep-seated differences in military discipline emerged between the British officers and the American colonial troops.
ANSWER: During the Great War for Empire, deep-seated differences in military discipline emerged between the British officers and the American colonial troops.
- created a thriving new industry in southern port cities such as Charleston and Savannah.
- eroded the profits of the West Indies sugar plantation owners and encouraged New England to export honey, a rival sweetener.
- touched off political clashes between Britain and the colonies, foreshadowing a new era of imperial control.
- angered Americans because it favored British molasses manufacturers.
ANSWER: The Molasses Act was significant in that it touched off political clashes between Britain and the colonies, foreshadowing a new era of imperial control.
- calling for military action against the protesters to re-stabilize trade.
- calling for a return to the old policy of salutary neglect.shifting their trade to the Caribbean and South America.
- supporting the American cause because the colonial boycott led to a drastic decline in their sales.
ANSWER: Most British merchants responded to colonists' resistance to the Stamp Act by supporting the American cause because the colonial boycott led to a drastic decline in their sales.
- British merchants extended six months' credit to American shopkeepers.
- Americans consumed about 30 percent of British exports.
- British entrepreneurs exported the new technology to the colonies in order to produce goods more cheaply there.
- the standard of living in Britain increased at the expense of the American consumers.
ANSWER: As a result of the Industrial Revolution in England and the increased marketing of goods in the colonies, Americans consumed about 30 percent of British exports.
